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How
would you like to be able to recall the name of a client or associate
you just met? How would you like to go to the bank and not fumble for
your account number every stinking time? Everyday scenarios like these
are classic examples of our need for memorization. The function of memory
has so many more applications, too—public speaking, schoolwork,
studying, research, the list goes on and on. Imagine if we could be
better at it.
Would you
believe that memorization is not an innate ability but rather a learned
skill? Approaching the topic from this paradigm changes everything. You
can learn how to memorize. You can become a memory expert by application and sheer force. You have the power to memorize anything and everything.
How Our Brain Memorizes Things
Before we
get to the memorization techniques, first a science lesson on how the
brain stores memories. You likely know that the brain is a complicated,
beautiful system of working parts. Two of those working parts—the
neurons and the synapses—are flexed during the memory-creating process. Neurons are the parts of the brain that send and receive electrical signals. Synapses are the roads that connect them.
When
memories are recalled, a series of neurons sends signals throughout the
brain, creating a sequence that represents the memory. This pathway has
been tested by scientists who can send electrical shocks into the brain,
masquerading as these initial neuron signals, that can initiate a
memory sequence. The stronger the synapse, the greater chance that a
memory can be recalled.
Consistent use of synapses often creates stronger connections, similar to exercising.
So, say, recalling your old apartment number or childhood home phone is
easier than a bank account number because an address or phone gets used
more often. Weak signals—i.e., bank-account signals—lack the ability to
create the cascade of neurons essential to initiating a memory.
The Problem with Memory Today
One of the
leading voices on memorization is Joshua Foer, a journalist by trade who
trained himself in one year’s time to become a memorization national
champion (Foer’s exploits are documented in the book Moonwalking with Einstein). His perspective on the topic of memory points to an interesting, 21st century problem: Externalizing vs. Internalizing.
Technologies (iPhones, software, etc.) have made our modern world possible, but they’ve also changed us. They’ve changed us culturally, and I would argue that they’ve changed us cognitively. Having little need to remember anymore, it sometimes seems as if we’ve forgotten how.
With so many apps and tools at our disposal, memorization has transferred from a purely mental exercise to a tangibly outward endeavor. (Foer is not quite the first to share this sentiment. Socrates was sour on writing because he feared it would weaken memory.)
Three Techniques to Become a Better Memorizer
Construct a Memory Palace
The ancient Greeks and Romans did not have the luxury of an iPhone or Evernote. When their scholars and orators remembered something,
they did so the old-fashioned way: mentally. The common technique of
the time was a Memory Palace, also known as the “method of loci,” also
known as “mental mapping.”
The technique works like this:
- Visualize a familiar space in your life, i.e. your house or your workplace.
- Find five rooms or areas in this space.
- Choose five large items in each room to serve as “files” for your memorizing.
- Assign each of these five large items a number, beginning with one and going room to room in ascending order. For instance, in your office, your desk may be 1, your office chair 2, your bookcase 3, your whiteboard 4, and your door 5. In the break room, begin with the break room table at 6, the sink as 7, etc., etc. Number as many items in as many rooms as you wish, and keep in mind that you can always add more items and rooms later. It is helpful to number the items in an orderly way as they flow in the room.
At this point, your Palace is constructed. Now, let’s fill it.
- Picture what it is you want to remember.
- Associate this memory with an item in a room.
Let’s say
you want to commit to memory each of the 12 teams in the Pac-12 football
conference (to impress your boss, a Cal grad). Based on the above
Memory Palace that I constructed in the workplace, the list might look
something like this:
- A wildcat is chewing on my desk (Arizona)
- The devil is napping on my office chair (Arizona State)
- The giant bear is pawing at Malcolm Gladwell’s Blink in my bookcase (Cal)
- A buffalo is drawing caricatures of me on my whiteboard (Colorado)
- A duck is laying eggs on my door jamb (Oregon)
- A beaver is chewing off the legs of the break-room table (Oregon State)
- Someone stuffed a tree down the garbage disposal in the sink (Stanford)
- … (and so on and so forth for UCLA, USC, Utah, Washington, and Washington State)
The
visualization is important. The more vivid these scenes appear in your
imagination, the more likely it is that you will recall them. Joshua
Foer, the memorization champion, found that visceral, lewd, or bizarre
imagery often worked best. This is called the Von Restorff effect.
Create a Peg System
An ideal technique for memorizing lists, similar to the scientific method of saying “no,”
the peg system functions in a similar way to the memory palace: Create
an association between what you want to memorize and what your mind
already knows. To use the peg system, you assign words to a list of
numbers, creating a mental image for each “peg.” Then, you can attach
what you wish to memorize to these pre-memorized pegs, creating a vivid
connection in your mind.
The initial
pegs can be created with anything. Common starting points are words
that rhyme with each number or shape corresponding to the shape of each
number. Here’s a rhyming example for one through ten:
1 = sun
2 = shoe
3 = bee
4 = spore
5 = jive
6 = ticks
7 = heaven
8 = grate
9 = wine
10 = hen
Once you
commit your pegs to memory, then you can begin associating your
to-be-memorized lists. Let’s say, for instance, that you need to
memorize a shopping list. Your list might look like this:
- Bananas: A banana-shaped sun
- Toothpaste: A shoe full of toothpaste
- Birthday card for mom: A bee writing a sweet message in a greeting card
Memorize Verbatim Text
The above
techniques work great for memorizing individual items. But what if you
have a chunk of text you want to commit to memory? You can try a Memory
Palace of paragraphs or a Peg System of key points, but here’s an even
better option: the first-letter text method. The method is not a visual
one, like the methods listed above. The key to the first-letter text method is good, old-fashioned hard work:
Practice recalling, not repeating: This is the crucial concept of any type of memorization. The act of reading something you want to memorize fires different connections than the act of recalling. This is how you learn to memorize–your practice recalling, not repeating.
Recalling
vs. repeating might sound like semantics, but the distinction is
notable. If you want to memorize a large chunk of text, you are better
off recalling it within your mind than reading it over and over on
paper. This is how the first-letter method functions. Take the first
letter from each word in your chosen text. This becomes your study guide. Let’s use a couple paragraphs from Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech as an example.
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; “and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.”
And here’s what it looks like with the first-letter text method (Productivity501 has a helpful tool on their website).
I h a d t m f l c w o d l i a n w t w n b j b t c o t s b b t c o t c.
I h a d t o d e v s b e, a e h a m s b m l, t r p w b m p, a t c p w b m s; “a t g o t L s b r a a f s s i t.”
Now,
instead of reading the text verbatim, you are recalling the text. Your
brain is exercising its synapses in a way that will lead to better
memorization. Reading through those first letters, you may find yourself
recalling bits and pieces from the full text. Good. Great! The more
practice, the easier it gets.
Other Notable Methods
- Psychology research has gone into the theory of mood memory: If you want to remember something, get back to the mood you were in when you experienced it.
- The Link System works in a similar way to the Peg System, albeit without the numerical order. Say you need to memorize a list of arbitrary terms—a dog, a cake, a house, the rain. With the link system, you visualize an interaction between each consecutive item, e.g. a dog eating a cake, a cake filling a house, a rainstorm of houses.
- Ron White, a former memorization national champion, has an intriguing method for recalling numbers. He assigns each friend a number, and he needs to memorize a new number, he simply pictures his friends in a particular order.
- Associating a name with a personality trait or visual cue is an effective method. The Office‘s Michael Scott took this to a famously insulting extreme.
- Ben Pridmore, a World Memory Champion, once memorized a deck of cards in 24 seconds. His Pridmore technique, documented here, is quite extensive.
(Aside: What does it take to be a Grand Master of Memory?
You must memorize the order of 10 decks of cards in 60 minutes,
memorize 1,000 random digits in 60 minutes, and memorize the order of
one deck of cards in less than two minutes.)
What Works for You?
Memorization—on a small scale in the work place or a large scale at the national championships—often comes back to the same foundation of visualizing,
associating, and recalling. Some of the above methods might work
wonders for you, or perhaps you have muddled together your own system
that you swear by. I have been wanting to memorize a famous speech for
some time, and I plan on giving the first-letter text method a go. How
about you?
source lifehaker
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